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*Se è presente
compressione focale superimposta o intrappolamento (la compressione può
avvenire in assenza di intrappolamento).
CIDP—polineuropatia
demielinizzante infiammatoria cronica (chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy); CMT—Charcot-Marie-Tooth; HNPP—neuropatia ereditaria con
predisposizione alla paralisi da compressione (hereditary neuropathy with
liability to pressure palsies); m/sec = metri al secondo
Trattamento
Trattamento del dolore
·
Uno studio che ha esaminato 636 individui con CMT ha indicato che 440
(69%) degli interpellati avevano significativi problemi di dolore. Il dolore
lombare diffuso, poco localizzabile era comune (70%), come il bruciore ai
piedi (44%). L’intensità del dolore riferita dai pazienti con CMT in questo
studio era comparabile all’intensità riferita da pazienti con altre
condizioni neuropatiche (nevralgia post-herpetica, neuropatia diabetica
dolorosa e danno del nervo periferico) che hanno partecipato ad uno studio
simile mentre frequentavano un centro universitario di gestione del dolore.
·
Sfortunatamente, nessuno studio ha esaminato specificatamente il
trattamento del dolore nella CMT. Un gruppo di farmaci potenzialmente
neurotossici dovrebbero senz’altro essere evitati dai pazienti con CMT.
Questo elenco include molti agenti chemioterapeutici, in particolare
vincristina, paclitaxel e cisplatin. Un elenco completo dei farmaci che
possono potenziare o inasprire i sintomi neuropatici nella CMT lo trovate
all’indirizzo
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Indichiamo sotto due
articoli scientifici che aprono un nuovo spiraglio su di un possibile
trattamento per le neuropatie.
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RIASSUNTO
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DESCRIZIONE
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SCOPERTA PROTEINA
CHE RIPARA IL TESSUTO NERVOSO
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NOTIZIA
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Una ricerca ad ampio raggio, che ha visto la collaborazione
degli scienziati del Peninsula Medical School, dell'University College di Londra
e del Cancer Research nel Regno Unito e del San Raffaele di Milano, ha
individuato una proteina che gioca un ruolo fondamentale nella
rigenerazione dei danni nel sistema nervoso periferico. Lo studio compare
su Journal of Cell Biology. ARTICOLO ORIGINALE Contact: Greg Boustead Turning back the clock for Schwann cells Myelin-making Schwann cells have an
ability every aging Wrapped around neurons in the peripheral
nervous system, Schwann cells can “dedifferentiate” into a state in which
they can’t manufacture myelin. Reverting to an immature type of cell speeds
healing of injured nerves. Researchers knew that the protein Krox-20 pushes
immature Schwann cells to specialize and form myelin, but they didn’t know
what prompts the reversal. One suspect was a protein called c-Jun, which
youthful Schwann cells make but Krox-20 blocks. Parkinson et al. cultured neurons with
Schwann cells whose c-Jun gene they could activate. Turning on the gene
curbed myelination, suggesting that c-Jun prevents young Schwann cells from
growing up. c-Jun also prodded mature Schwann cells to become youthful
again, the researchers discovered. Schwann cells that are separated from
neurons normally dedifferentiate, but the team found that the cells
remained specialized if c-Jun was missing. They suspect that c-Jun works in
part by activating Sox-2, as this protein also inhibits myelination. The researchers now want to investigate
whether c-Jun is involved in illnesses where myelin dwindles, such as
Charcot-Marie Tooth disease and Guillain-Barre syndrome. The results might
also provide clues about multiple sclerosis, in which immune attacks
destroy myelin in the central nervous system. Unlike Schwann cells,
oligodendrocytes, the myelin makers in the central nervous system, can’t
revert to an immature state. Whether c-Jun affects oligodendrocyte
differentiation isn’t known. ### Parkinson, D.B., et al. 2008. J. Cell
Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.200803013. |
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Inizio pagina
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DESCRIZIONE
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USO STUDIO COMPLETO SU TUTTO QUANTO
E’ STATO SCOPERT O SINO AD OGGI SU LE POSSIBILITA’ DIAGNOSTICHE E
TERAPEUTICHE DELLA CMT |
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NOTIZIA
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N.B. L’articolo
è in fase di traduzione, e sarà pubblicato in italiano tra poco tempo. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Gregory T. Carter, MD Michael D. Weiss, MD Jay J. Han, MD Phillip F. Chance, MD John D. England, MD Gregory T. Carter, MD Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Box
356490, University of Washington, 1959 N.E. Pacific Avenue, Seattle, WA
98195, USA. E-mail: gtcarter@u.washington.edu Current Treatment Options in Neurology
2008, 10:94–102 Current Medicine Group LLC ISSN 1092-8480 Copyright © 2008 by Current Medicine Group
LLC Opinion statement The family of hereditary peripheral
neuropathies that makes up Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) comprises some of the most
common neuromuscular disorders. Over the past decade, understanding of the
molecular basis of CMT has increased enormously. In addition, the neurophysiologic deficits
and clinical problems associated with CMT are more clearly delineated, and
the precise genetic cause of many types of CMT has now been determined. Advances
in molecular biology and genetic manipulation techniques have allowed the development of
animal models of some of these CMT types, allowing more productive
scientific exploration of possible treatments. Recent treatment advances that have been
effective in animal models include oral supplementation with curcumin and
vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and the use of onapristone, a progesterone antagonist.
Human trials with vitamin C are currently in progress. While ongoing molecular
genetic research continues to identify more of the mutant genes and proteins that
cause the various disease subtypes, clinical research should continue to focus on
developing pharmaceutical and rehabilitative therapies to ameliorate nerve degeneration
and ultimately improve function for patients with CMT. These patients optimally should
be managed in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary setting involving
neurologists, physiatrists, orthopedic surgeons, physical and occupational therapists, and
orthotists. Treatment should be aimed at maximizing independence and quality of
life. Introduction Over the past decade, understanding of the
molecular basis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT)
has increased enormously, and the
neurophysiologic deficits and clinical problems associated with CMT
have been more clearly delineated. This article
discusses the management of CMT, including novel and
promising therapeutic interventions that potentially
could be used as part of a treatment regimen. These
interventions may involve attempts to slow down or stop
neurodegenerative processes through nerve growth factors,
limiting oxidative stress by using antioxidants, or
normalizing gene expression through genetic
manipulation. Other potential therapeutic target areas include
the progesterone receptor on myelin-forming Schwann cells,
the immune system via modulation of nerve
inflammation, and enhanced glutathione transferase
activity. While ongoing molecular genetic research
continues to identify more of the mutant genes and proteins that
cause the various disease subtypes, clinical
research should continue to focus on developing pharmaceutical and
rehabilitative therapies to ameliorate nerve degeneration
and ultimately improve function for people
with CMT. GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES Genotypes Table 1 summarizes the genetic basis of
the major forms of CMT and related neuropathies. The
disorders comprising CMT1 are the most common types [1, Class Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Carter et al.
95 Table 1. Summary of the genetic basis for
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Type Location Gene Inheritance Gene
abnormality Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1 CMT1A 17p11.2-12 PMP22 AD
Duplication/point mutation CMT1B 1q22-23 MPZ AD Point mutation CMT1C 16p12-p13 SIMPLE AD Point mutation CMT1D 10q21-q22 EGR2 AD/AR Point mutation Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2 CMT2A 1p35-36 MFN2 AD Point mutation CMT2B 3q13-q22 RAB7A AD Point mutation CMT2C 12q23-q24 Unknown AD Unknown CMT2D 7p14 GARS AD Point mutation CMT2E 8p21 NEFL AD Point mutation Dejerine-Sottas disease DSDA 17p11.2-12 PMP22 AD Point mutation DSDB 1q22-23 MPZ AD Point mutation DSDC 10q21-q22 EGR2 AD Point mutation DSDD 19q13 PRX AR Point mutation Charcot-Marie-Tooth 4 CMT4A 8q13-q21 GDAP1 AR Point mutation CMT4B1 11q22 MTMR2 AR Point mutation CMT4B2 11p15 SBF2 AR Point mutation CMT4D 8q24 NDRG1 AR Point mutation CMT4F 19q13 PRX AR Point mutation Charcot-Marie-Tooth X CMTX Xq13.1 Cx32 XD Point mutation Hereditary neuropathy with liability to
pressure palsies (HNPP) HNPP 17p11.2 PMP22 AD Deletion/point
mutation AD—autosomal dominant; AR—autosomal recessive;
Cx32—connexin32; EGR2—early growth response 2; GARS—glycyl-tRNA synthetase;
GDAP1—ganglioside-induced
differentiation-associated protein 1; MFN2—mitochondrial protein mitofusion
2; MPZ—myelin protein zero; MTMR2—myotubularin-related protein 2;
NDRG1—N-myc downstream regulated gene 1; NEFL—neurofilament, light
polypeptide 68kDa; PMP22—peripheral myelin protein 22;
PRX—periaxin; RAB7A—small GTP-ase late endosomal protein gene 7; SBF2—SET
binding factor 2; SIMPLE—small integral membrane protein of
late endosome; XD—X-linked dominant. II]. Of these, the most common subtype is
CMT1A, resulting from a duplication of chromosome
segment 17p11.2, which contains the gene for
peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22) [1,2, Class II,III]. Phenotypes Most of the phenotypic, descriptive
studies in CMT were done before the advent of DNA testing.
Previous studies have shown that, overall, CMT is a slowly
progressive disorder characterized by diffuse muscle
weakness and prominent distal atrophy, predominantly
involving the intrinsic muscles of the feet and the
muscles innervated by the peroneal nerve [3, Class II].
Patients with CMT generate 20% to 40% less force than
unaffected controls using quantitative isometric and
isokinetic strength measures, even though manual muscle test (MMT)
scores may be normal [4, Class II]. There is no
significant sideto- side difference in strength [5–8, Class
II,III]. From a functional standpoint, the sensory deficit
is usually less severe than the motor deficit [1, Class
II]. CMT2 is often clinically less severe than
CMT1 [1, Class II]. Patients with CMT2 may have more
lower-extremity involvement, although clinically they are
not easily distinguished from patients with CMT1 [1, Class II].
Bienfait et al. [9, Class II] performed genetic
analysis of the presently known CMT2 genes on 61 persons from 18
families of people with clinically determined CMT2.
Ninety percent of the patients were able to walk, either
independently or with the use of orthotics and walking aids
such as a walker or cane. Weakness of proximal leg muscles
was present in 13%. Asymmetric features were present in
15%. or brisk knee reflexes were present in
36%. Extensor plan 96 Neuromuscular Disorders Table 2. Electrodiagnostic characteristics
of the hereditary and acquired motor and sensory neuropathies Neuropathy Conduction velocity
characteristics Axonal loss Conduction block Temporal dispersion Focal slowing CMT1 Uniform slowing, usually < 38 m/sec but may be faster CMT2 Minimal slowing to normal CMT X1 Heterogeneous slowing (30–40
m/sec); temporal dispersion HNPP
Nonuniform, intermediate slowing, distal > proximal Dejerine-Sottas Uniform, severe slowing (< 20 m/sec) Diabetic neuropathy Nonuniform, mild
slowing CIDP Nonuniform, multifocal, asymmetric, intermediate to severe slowing Secondary Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary Primary Secondary No No No Yes No Maybe* Often No No No No Occasionally Occasionally Yes Yes Yes No Maybe* Yes Often Yes *If superimposed focal compression or
entrapment is present (compression can occur in the absence of entrapment).
CIDP—chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy; CMT—Charcot-Marie-Tooth; HNPP—hereditary neuropathy with
liability to pressure palsies; m/sec—meters per second.
tar responses without associated
spasticity occurred in 10 patients from eight families. Mutations
were present in only three genes (MFN2, BSCL2, and RAB7).
No mutations were found in the NEFL, HSPB1, HSPB8,
GARS, DNM2, and GDAP1 genes. This is one of the
largest studies in CMT2 patients and confirms that, as a
group, the clinical phenotype is fairly uniform. Treatment TrTeatmentreatment ELECTRODIAGNOSIS Table 2 summarizes the electrodiagnostic
characteristics of these inherited neuropathies and
compares them with some common acquired neuropathies.
Electrodiagnosis can divide CMT into two basic types,primarily
demyelinating (with secondary axonal loss) and primarily
axonal [10,11•,12,13, Class II,III]. Treatment of pain ... A study surveying 636 individuals with CMT
indicated that 440 (69%) of the respondents had significant pain
problems [14, Class II]. Dull, aching, low back pain was common (70%), as
was burning pain in the feet (44%). The intensity of pain
reported by CMT patients in this study was comparable to the intensity of
pain reported by patients with other neuropathic conditions (postherpetic
neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injury),
who participated in a similar study while attending a university-based
tertiary pain clinic. ... Unfortunately, no studies have
specifically examined the treatment of pain in CMT. A number of potentially neurotoxic
drugs should definitely be avoided by patients with CMT. This list
includes many chemotherapeutic agents, most notably vincristine,
paclitaxel, and cisplatin. A complete list of drugs that may potentiate or exacerbate
neuropathic symptoms in CMT is maintained at
http://www.hnf-cure.org/html/cmtrx.php. Treatment of weakness and fatigue Exercise ... Skeletal muscle weakness is the underlying
cause of most clinical problems in CMT. Several well-controlled, Class
II studies have looked at the effect of exercise as a means to
gain strength in CMT and other neuromuscular disorders [5,15–19, Class
II,III]. In slowly progressive neuromuscular disorders, including CMT, a
12-week exercise program Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Carter et al.
97 using moderate resistance (30% of maximum
isometric force) resulted in strength gains ranging from 4% to 20%
without any notable deleterious effects [17, Class III]. In the same
population, however, a 12-week program using high resistance (training at
the maximum weight the individual could lift 12 times) showed no greater
benefit than the moderateresistance program, and some of the participants
showed evidence of overwork weakness [18, Class III]. The
risk of muscle damage and dysfunction secondary to exhaustive
exercise may be significant, and neuropathy patients should be advised not
to overexercise [5, Class III]. ... In a comparative study, CMT patients
appeared to benefit significantly from a strengthening program, whereas
patients in the same study with myotonic muscular dystrophy showed neither
beneficial nor detrimental effects [5, Class II]. Medication ... Fatigue is commonly reported by patients
with CMT and may be at least partly responsible for most clinical
problems, ranging from pain to foot drop [20•,21,22•,23–25, Class II–III]. A
recent case series of four patients showed promising relief of fatigue
following modafinil treatment [22•, Class III]. Orthotics and other equipment ... Many patients with CMT require some form
of bracing or orthotics for their lower extremities, although no
evidence better than Class III supports this use [23, Class III]. Patients with
CMT generally are not well served by prefabricated orthotics. A custom-fitted
device will provide more comfort and better wearing compliance, and will
reduce the risk of skin breakdown. ... Other types of equipment that can
substantially improve quality of life include hand-held showers, bathtub
benches, grab bars, raised toilet seats, hospital beds, commode chairs, and
aids to help with activities of daily living, such as sock aids and
grabbers. Again, evidence supporting their use is based primarily on case
series or expert consensus (Class III). Wheeled walkers or quad (four-point) canes
may also help, depending on the pattern of weakness. Patients with
severe CMT may require a wheelchair [17,26, Class III]. Treatment for less common problems:
breathing, hearing, swallowing ... Electrodiagnosis and pathologic studies of
the phrenic nerve confirm that the phrenic nerve is involved in CMT
[12,13, Class II]. Phrenic nerve latencies are abnormally prolonged
in most patients with CMT1 [12]. Although phrenic nerve latencies are
markedly prolonged in CMT, they are not useful in predicting
respiratory dysfunction. Rare patients who develop respiratory failure can
benefit from intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) by mouth,
avoiding tracheostomy and maintaining a reasonable quality of life [27, Class
III]. ... Other problems less often encountered in
CMT include dysphagia with vocal cord paralysis and sensorineural
hearing loss [12, Class III]. A recent study in CMT1A patients with normal
peripheral hearing documented subtle auditory processing problems
[28,29, Class II]. There may also be specific cranial nerve
abnormalities, including papillary changes. These subtle problems in CMT are
postulated to be due to a specific subset of genotypes involving the PMP22,
MPZ, and EGR2 genes, among others [30, Class II]. 98 Neuromuscular Disorders Experimental treatments Nerve growth factors ... Neurotrophic growth factors are naturally
occurring polypeptides that enhance nerve-cell survival in a multitude
of animal models of neurodegeneration. Various neurotrophic growth factors have
been used, including ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF),
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line–derived
neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and recombinant human insulin-like growth
factor I (myotrophin) [31, Class II]. Extensive study of these growth
factors in the treatment of the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS) has not been successful. A pilot trial of recombinant human
neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), a growth factor being developed by Regeneron
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ( NY), yielded statistically significant
improvements in nerve regeneration and sensory function in four patients with
CMT1A [32, Class II]. This finding needs further study before any
conclusions can be drawn. ... Some evidence is emerging that CMT1A
patients may have altered levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factors
(IGFs), and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) [31, Class II]. Levels of both
IGF-I and IGFBP-2 appear to be increased, while serum levels of IGFBP-1
are decreased. Serum IGFs are altered in animal models of diabetic
neuropathy, in which serum insulin levels are significantly decreased. In
humans, these perturbations are probably disease-specific and due to metabolic and
endocrine derangements. It is apparent that the DNA in forms of
CMT due to a duplication in the PMP22 gene does not regulate production of
nerve growth factors [33, Class III]. Thus, many gaps remain in our
knowledge about identified gene mutations in CMT, interactions between
different genes, and the subsequent clinical presentation of phenotype. It is
unclear how this knowledge will affect the development of potential
treatments for CMT. ... A number of other neurotrophic compounds
show promise, including synthetic compounds that mimic the
activity of neurotrophins or stimulate their biosynthesis via DNA alteration. New
classes of small-molecule neurotrophic factors called neuroimmunophilin ligands,
such as FK-506, have the advantage of oral administration; all
other compounds in this class must be injected. Emerging technology using viral
vectors, such as an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing IGF-1, may
be a more efficient way of delivering the neurotrophic factor to
degenerating nerve cells. Immunomodulation ... Although not yet well studied in humans,
the immune system has been implicated as a possible therapeutic target in several
murine models of CMT. Mice heterozygously deficient in the
peripheral myelin adhesion molecule P0 (P0+/-mice) have both peripheral nerve
demyelination and elevated numbers of CD8-positive T lymphocytes and
F4/80-positive macrophages. These immune cells increase in number with
age and progression of the demyelination, suggesting that they may
play a role in myelin damage. These myelin mutant mice have been
cross-bred with mice deficient in the recombination activating gene 1 (RAG-1);
these mice lack mature T and B lymphocytes [34, Class II]. The
immunodeficient myelin mutants showed less-severe myelin degeneration. The
beneficial effect of lymphocyte deficiency was reversible; demyelination
worsened in immunodeficient myelin mutants when reconstituted with
bone marrow from wild-type mice. Ultrastructural analysis revealed
macrophages in close apposition to myelin and demyelinated axons. Thus, it
appears that T lymphocytes and macrophages may be involved in the
pathogenesis of CMT and represent Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Carter et al.
99 potential targets for pharmacologic
manipulation. These studies in animal models are encouraging and provide impetus
for further work in humans, but little work has yet been done. ... A recent report described patients with
genetically confirmed CMT and another separate mutation, who developed
severe, sudden deterioration [33, Class III]. There was sufficient
clinical, electrophysiologic, and neuropathologic information to indicate a diagnosis of a
superimposed inflammatory polyneuropathy; nerve biopsy demonstrated
excess lymphocytic infiltration. Although it is clear that
coexistent inflammatory neuropathy is not genotype-specific in CMT, estimates
of the prevalence of CMT disease and inflammatory polyneuropathy may
indicate that the association is more frequent than would be expected by
chance alone. This association further implicates the immune system as a
possible modulator in the pathogenesis of both inflammatory
neuropathies and CMT. Whether treatment with steroids or immunoglobulin
is effective in patients with CMT who experience acute deterioration
remains to be definitively studied; there are not yet enough data to make a
firm recommendation. Antioxidants ... Because oxidative stress is considered a
pathogenic factor in most models of neurodegeneration, antioxidants have long
been considered a viable pharmacologic target in progressive neurologic diseases.
However, it remains to be seen whether antioxidant compounds could
have a significant, long-term, disease-modifying effect in CMT. Before
these compounds can be recommended, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are
needed to explore the efficacy of antioxidants such as vitamins E
and C, coenzyme Q10, selegiline, beta carotene, lipoic acid,
N-acetylcysteine, and N-carboxymethyllysine. These agents are thought to be generally
harmless, which is a great advantage. Other free-radical scavengers and
antioxidants are still in the preclinical, investigatory stage. Preclinical trials
using an animal model show that disabled mice force-fed with high doses of
ascorbic acid partially recover muscular strength after a few months of
treatment, suggesting that high doses of ascorbic acid repress PMP22
expression. A recent study by Kaya et al. [35, Class II] demonstrated that
ascorbic acid represses PMP22 gene expression by acting on intracellular cAMP levels and
adenylate cyclase activity. This action was dose-dependent and
appeared to be specific to ascorbic acid; repression was not observed after
treatment with other antioxidants. Curcumin ... Many myelin gene mutations appear to
result in aberrant proteins that accumulate primarily within the endoplasmic
reticulum. This accumulation in turn results in Schwann cell death by
apoptosis with subsequent peripheral neuropathy. Khajavi et al. [36, Class II]
have shown that curcumin supplementation can abrogate accumulation
of aberrant protein products in the endoplasmic reticulum and
subsequent aggregation-induced apoptosis, using a neuropathy model
associated with myelin protein zero (MPZ) mutants. Curcumin treatment reduced
apoptosis of cells in tissue culture expressing PMP22 mutants. Oral
administration of curcumin also appears to partially mitigate the severity
of the Trembler–J mouse phenotype in a dose-dependent manner [36, Class II].
Administration of curcumin significantly decreased the percentage of
apoptotic Schwann cells, resulting in increased numbers and size of
myelinated axons in sciatic nerves. The cellular effects were shown to
lead to improved functional motor performance in this murine model of
neuropathy. 100 Neuromuscular Disorders Gene Modulation ... The gene encoding the ganglioside-induced-differentiation-associated
protein 1 (GDAP1) has been associated with
both demyelinating and axonal phenotypes of CMT [37–39, Class
II,III]. It is unknown whether manipulating this gene or trying to
replace it would modify the disease. The protein encoded by GDAP1 is clearly
similar to glutathione transferases; it potentially could be created
synthetically and replaced by enzyme replacement therapy technology. ... Sereda et al. [40, Class II] used a
transgenic Pmp22 rat model to test whether progesterone, a regulator of the
myelin genes Pmp22 and MPZ in cultured Schwann cells, can modulate the
progression of the neuropathy. Male transgenic rats were randomly given
either progesterone, progesterone antagonist (onapristone), or a placebo.
Daily administration of progesterone resulted in enhanced Schwann
cell pathology and a more severe clinical neuropathy. In contrast,
administration of the selective progesterone receptor antagonist resulted
in reduction of Pmp22 expression and a clinically improved CMT phenotype.
These data provide some evidence that the progesterone receptor of
myelin-forming Schwann cells is a promising pharmacologic target for
treatment of CMT1A. Cannabinoids ... With increasing cognizance of the physiological
functions of endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids, it is becoming
evident that they may be involved in the pathology of some
diseases, particularly neuromuscular disorders. Cannabinoids may induce
proliferation, growth arrest, or apoptosis in a number of cells, including
neurons, lymphocytes, and various transformed neural and nonneural
cells [41,42, Class II,III]. ... Most experimental evidence indicates that
cannabinoids may protect neurons in the central nervous system from
toxic insults such as glutamatergic overstimulation, ischemia, and oxidative
damage [43–45, Class II]. The neuroprotective effect of
cannabinoids may have potential clinical relevance for the treatment of
neurodegenerative disorders such as CMT. Both endogenous and exogenous
cannabinoids appear to have neuroprotective and antioxidant
effects. Recent studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects
of synthetic, nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, which appear to protect
neurons from chemically induced excitotoxicity. Direct measurement of
oxidative stress reveals that cannabinoids prevent cell death through antioxidation.
The antioxidative property of cannabinoids is confirmed by
their ability to antagonize oxidative stress and consequent cell death induced
by the powerful oxidant, retinoid anhydroretinol. Cannabinoids also
modulate cell survival and growth of B lymphocytes and fibroblasts
[45, Class II]. ... In a murine model of experimental allergic
neuritis, cannabinoids showed efficacy as immune modulators [45,
Class II]. Disclosures No potential conflicts of interest
relevant to this article were reported. Studies performed by the authors of this manuscript are
supported by a Research and Training Center Grant from the National Institute on Disability
and Rehabilitation Research #HB133B98008 and a Project Grant from the National
Institutes of Health #2P01HB33988-064A1. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Carter et al.
101 References and Recommended Papers of particular interest, published
recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance 1. Carter GT, Abresch RT, Fowler WM, et al.:
Profiles of neuromuscular disease: hereditary motor
and sensory neuropathy, types I and II. Am J Phys Med Rehabil
1995, 74:S140–S149. 2. Street V, Meekins G, Lipe HP, et al.:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy: phenotypes and genotypes of
four new mutations in the MPZ and Cx 32 genes. Neuromusc
Disord 2002, 12:643–650. 3. Abresch RT, Jensen MP, Carter GT: Health
quality of life in peripheral neuropathy. Phys Med Rehabil
Clin N Am 2001, 12:461–472. 4. Lindeman E, Leffers P, Reulen J, et al.:
Quadriceps strength and timed motor performances in myotonic
dystrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and healthy
subjects. Clin Rehabil 1998, 12:127–135. 5. Lindeman E, Leffers P, Spaans F, et al.:
Strength training in patients with myotonic dystrophy and
hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy: a randomized clinical
trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995, 76:612–620. 6. Lindeman E, Leffers P, Spaans F, et al.:
Deterioration of motor function in myotonic dystrophy and
hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. Scand J
Rehabil Med 1995, 27:59–64. 7. Lindeman E, Leffers P, Reulen J, et al.:
Reduction of knee torques and leg-related functional
abilities in hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. Arch Phys
Med Rehabil 1994, 75:1201–1205. 8. Carter GT, Kilmer DD, Szabo RM, McDonald
CM: Focal posterior interosseus neuropathy in the
presence of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, type I.
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